All ceramic chips start out as a white blank. All colors and designs are applied using dye-sublimation, and this is done by first printing (4-color or 6-color process) the design with edgespots in reverse on a paper backing. The white chip blanks are laid out on a heat press with large heated pads, and the printed paper sheet laid on top. Under light pressure and heat, the ink is a transferred to the chip.
It’s also important to note that the ink doesn’t just sit on the surface of the chip, it sinks below, so that even with some wear, the color still shows true. It’s only under heavy wear (more than you're ever likely to create with a home game) or breakage that you see the white from the underlying blank.
It’s always recommended to buy extras of each denom for accidents, incorrect printing, etc., and that goes for any chipset…ceramic, clay, etc.